From contextual token representations to a single vector for an entire sentence and why that vector is useful for retrieval. In Part 6, we learned how self-attention changes a token's representation d
How does the same token represent different meanings in different sentences? Let's work through self-attention from first principles, with actual numbers and PyTorch. In Part 5: Word2Vec, we saw how w
In Module 4, we treated embeddings as raw parameters—numbers in a matrix tuned by backpropagation to minimize a loss value. Now, we step back from the raw mechanics to look at the emergence of meaning
So far, we've learned why embeddings exist, how vectors, dimensions, and similarity work, how nn.Embedding stores vectors and retrieves them using token IDs, how padding and attention masks handle var
In Module 1, we learned why embeddings exist. In Module 2, we understood what vectors are, including their dimensions, magnitude, dot products, and cosine similarity. Now, let's connect everything to
In Module 1, we learned that an embedding layer converts a token ID into a vector. For example: cat = [0.90, 0.10] dog = [0.85, 0.15] We said these two vectors look similar, but we haven't explained w
In our Inside an LLM Tokenizer , we understand Unicode → UTF-8 → Tokenization → Token IDs Now, the next question is: How does an LLM turn those meaningless integer IDs into numerical representations t
Go to https://platform.openai.com/tokenizer Put 🏡 in the text box. And see the output. Why one single emoji is giving us two tokenIDs? For that, we need to understand three different things: Uni
The strange pause Okay, so lets say, you open a chat app and you paste a long document. Then, you ask, "Hey, can you summarize this?" You hit enter. Nothing happens. One second. Two seconds. Maybe thr
